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Airborne Partciualtes

ChemRisk® scientists have evaluated the respiratory hazards associated with a wide range of airborne chemicals., including diacetyl, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen chloride, 2-ethylcyanoacrylate (ECA), carbon monoxide, fluoropolymers, ozone and diesel emissions. We offer a complete spectrum of services for conducting quantitative health risk assessments of these chemicals. Some of our professionals are international authorities on developing and applying methods for estimating or predicting possible chemical exposure in various occupational and environmental settings. Our scientists have participated in scientific advisory panels sponsored by government agencies concerning these chemicals and, have become recognized experts in conducting health risk assessments for airborne exposures. We are experts in evaluating current methods for assessing occupational irritants and proposing new approaches to setting occupational exposure limits.

Some of our relevant project experience in this area includes:

  • assessing the respiratory toxicity of diacetyl in popcorn packaging facilities and flavoring industries, with an emphasis on a possible causal relationship between diacetyl exposure and bronchiolitis obliterans;
  • evaluating the respiratory risk factors in numerous “outbreaks” involving consumer use of fluoropolymer-containing tile sealants; and
  • proposing new methods for setting occupational limits for sensory irritants.
  • We recognize the special considerations necessary for conducting health hazard evaluations of inhalation irritants, and have specialized in the following areas:

  • Indoor and outdoor air dispersion modeling
  • Simulation studies
  • Mass transfer relationships to characterize evaporation
  • Probabilistic (Monte Carlo) assessments
  • Child-specific risk assessments
  • Regulatory environmental fate and transport models
  • Background levels in the ambient and indoor environment
  • Environmental chemistry, partitioning and half-lives

ChemRisk® Publications


  • Gaffney, SH and DJ Paustenbach. 2007. A proposed approach for setting occupational exposure limits for sensory irritants based on chemosensory models. Annals of Occupational Hygiene. 51(4):345-356.

  • Galbraith, D and D Weill. Popcorn lung and bronchiolitis obliterans: a critical appraisal. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2009 Feb; 82(3):407-16. (Epub 2008 Jun 12.)

  • Galbraith, D and D. Weill. Diacetyl and bronchiolitis obliterans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008 Aug 1;178(3):313. (Author reply 313-4).

  • Paustenbach, DJ and SH Gaffney. 2006. The role of odor and irritation in risk perception and the setting of occupational exposure limits. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 79(4):339-42.

  • Roberts J, DA Galbraith, and BL Finley. 2007. A comprehensive review of occupational exposure to diacetyl in microwave popcorn facilities. Abstract # 2000-219. Presented at Society of Toxicology’s 46th Annual Meeting. March 25-29, 2007. Charlotte, NC.

  • Walker, LB, BD Kerger, and DJ Paustenbach. 1994. Integrating critical scientific data into regulatory exposure limits: a case study with hydrogen sulfide. Abstract #794. 33rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology, Dallas, TX.

For additional information, please contact Dana Hollins at dhollins@chemrisk.com; (415)618-3213


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